Final Posting

ARW Autumn was hard because of the homework and writing essay was also taugh but I learned many things like how to write essay or the contents of ELP Reader.(ELP Reader was sometimes hard and I got irritated...) So it was a good experience for me. Also, I think I could be relaxed in class though this expression may not be correct. Anyway, I had nice class.

I can not decide well but the most valuable thing was that I could concentrate on writing essay because I had much time. At first, it seemed very hard to write only one essay and it could be pressure but I thought it was important to revise it many times and looking for data. So, I think I was lucky because I had only one essay.

Thank you!

"Race Without Color" Diamond

Diamond says there are many kinds of racial classification. What classification we choose is a matter of personal preference. Also. it depends on each person whether we make many racial groups (splitters).

I think there is no right classification of races so some people may use certain one as they want and it might cause racial problems.
I agree with his opinions but he should write more what we can or should do for system of racial classification. Also, I think he needs to what cause personal preference, how different it is among many races or why people tend to persist in skin color.

Reaction to Shreeve "Terms of Estrangement"

His main idea about race is the difinition or use of race is different from person to person. As the evidence, the last sentence of the article says "What you make of race depends on what the question is, and who wants to know (Smouse) Also, he refers to people's opinions from many kinds of jobs(police officer, anthroplogist, medical researcher)

I think each of us should decide the definition of race because we must think about it by ourselves. Also, there seems no clear or answer to "race". However, the term of "race" should not be used to discriminate other races or look down some people.
About Shreeve's idea, I think he should say "his" opinions about race and should not write only other people's ideas. Also, he could say more why ideas of race are different from each person.

Gould "The Geometer of Race"

a)What is Could mainly trying to say through Blumenbach's example?
He wants to say some ideas or statements are affected by society. It means public opinions or environment can change statements. He says Blumenbach did not intend to do some racial descrimination. From that point, new opinions  can be transformed into ideas that people want to believe. Also, public people think that the theory supported by scientists are right so sometimes, wrong or crazy ideas are believed...

b)What do you think about his argument?
I think his argument is meaningful because people are always in some society so they can not run away from that effect. There might be a kind of mind control by a big organization like a government. Also, he says "An old tradition in ....."(9-5 l.14) and I thought tradition disturbed new findings or unfamiliar beliefs.
However, I do not understand "This change has been missed...."(9-3 l.2). He says scientists did not grasped the vital principle but I also think they ignored that point intentionally because it was not good for their ideas.

Final Essay

Why or How Should Singlish Be Preserved?

Fig.1 This is a symbol of “Speak Good English Movement” by the government. Illustration from Speak Good English Movement n.d.; Web; 29 Oct. 2011

Fig.2 Singlish dictionary is published, and it means that it has a large vocabulary. Photograph from The Other Side of the World, n.d. Web; 29 Oct. 2011

What is “Singlish”? It means “Singapore English” and has different grammar, vocabulary or pronunciation and is used in informal situations. There is also English called “Singapore Standard English (SSE)”, and it is used in formal situations. Singapore is the multi-ethnic society mainly by Chinese, Malay and Indian and each build a community. English is one of the official languages and the administrative language. “Although most Singaporeans usually use Singlish, the Singapore government sees the use of Singlish as a serious problem to deal with” (Harada 71). According to Yeo, Teresa Rebecca in “Singlish” on SINGAPORE PAGES/Singapore Infopedia, to encourage standard English for Singaporeans, the government started "Speak Good English Movement" in 2001(Yeo). For the government, Singlish is an obstacle and the government wants to make it disappear and want people to use standard English only. However, Singlish is widely spread. Thus, it should be preserved because it is a valuable culture for Singaporeans and some people cherish it and need it. In order to achieve a better balance between use of standard English and that of Singlish, the government should not only encourage standard English but also promote “Speak-Singlish Campaign”.    

Of course, the standard English also should be taught at school because it is needed when Singaporeans communicate with people from other countries. Yeo, Teresa Rebecca says “In Singapore, English was not common and there were few people who mastered it. After Singapore got independence in 1965, the government started to encourage English for the economic because Singapore does not have natural resources” (Yeo). It means that now English is a necessary and important tool for Singapore to survive. In the globalizing world and under the situation without natural resources, Singapore should state that English is a strong weapon and it is easy to start the business in English and needs to develop more and more. From those reasons, standard English, which is worldwide used, needs to be encouraged for the future of Singapore. In addition, the very important industry in Singapore is sightseeing so the relation between Singapore and other countries is strong. People who belong to sightseeing industry need to speak standard English for tourists or sometimes, other people have to speak it. To keep sightseeing industry well for the economy, Singapore should make tourists feel like returning to Singapore again by giving them good impression with standard English. Therefore, Singaporean should learn standard English for the future.

However, Singlish should be preserved because some people cherish it and feel that they need it. According to Harada Shinichi in his 2009 report “The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish”, the government has started to abolish Singlish but many Singaporean keep using it as their identity (Harada 69). Anasuya Balamurugan, whose post is Senior Research Associate 1 in National Industry Board, says “ ‘Speak Good English campaign’ firstly started in 2000 and the purpose of the government is to encourage standard English and discourage Singlish” (Anasuya). It means that the government is trying to make Singlish disappear though there are still people who like Singlish and keep using it. Unless there are those people, the government should not eradicate it because Singlish is their precious language and the government does not have the right to derive it. According to Rani Rubdy, who is at the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, in “Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development”, there are negative comments to Singlish but some says Singlish is a cool, funny and relaxed language.“ ‘Without Singlish, life will be pretty boring’ ‘Senior citizens will be confused without Singlish’ ”(Rubdy 310)　These opinions show that there are people who  think Singlish as a unique culture or an useful language. Thus, Singlish is needed by people and needed to be cherished.

In addition, Singlish should not be disappeared because language is an important culture and languages’ disappearance is dangerous. According to Nora C. England, who is a doctor of philosophy at University of Florida, in her 1992 book “Endangered Languages”, language plays a very important role in people’s identity, culture and society. “Local communities who have lost their language speak about it as a deeply personal loss which is accompanied by a loss of a sense of self” (Nora 140). If language disappear, people can lose their identity because language is strongly related to culture or it is culture itself. For example, the word “lah” is a famous and original Singlish words and the nuance are different in some kinds of sentences. Thus, those words are important to change the atmosphere of sentences. Also, in the future, if children can speak only standard English though there are older people who can speak only Singlish, those people can not communicate with each other. Singapore is the multi-ethnic society and need a language to communicate so if it loses Singlish and makes a barrier between the older generation and the younger one, they can not live well together. Culture should be passed down to generation to generation so Singlish, which was made by the older generation, should be took over. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve Singlish as a factor of culture.

Finally, the government should make some solutions to save Singlish and encourage standard English at the same time. The problem is mainly how the government preserves Singlish. This is because the government now tries to encourage only standard English so Singlish will be disappear someday at this rate. For example, one way to encourage Singlish is to start “Speak-Singlish campaign” opposed to “Speak Good English Movement”. The government already did “Speak Mandarin Campaign” so “Speak Singlish Campaign” can be possible too. The campaign should focus on the conversation in daily life and some TV programs in Singlish can be broadcasted so that people can be familiar with it. Teresa Rebecca Yeo says that the supporters of Singlish mainly argue that it removes racial differences so “Singlish is an essential part of local culture and heritage”(Teresa). It shows that Singlish is an important communication tool in multi-ethnic society and it is needed in their lives for social harmony. From that point, in the campaign, the interchange among different communities should be also encouraged by Singlish. Also, it is possible or good chance to learn history or culture again through Singlish. Thus, the government needs to keep action to encourage both standard English and Singlish.

Therefore, the government should encourage standard English for the economy or the nation’s survival and preserve Singlish as culture and keep the balance by better solutions. The job of the government is not only to make people adapt to worldwide criteria or improve the economy but also to preserve its own culture or identity. People’s feeling toward languages or culture should be cherished and it is important to think the importance or history of their culture again. In such a globalizing world, however, it might be impossible or it is difficult to keep all cultures because each country can not avoid competing with other countries. Each country has to survive but their identity should not be forgotten. Thus, the balance between adapting globalization and preserving culture is important. Now is time to rethink the importance of Singlish as culture for Singapore.

Works Cited

Balamurugan, Anasuya. "First Speak Good English Campaign." Infopedia - National

Library Board, Singapore. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2011.

England Nora C. Endangered Languages. Texas, Elsevier Ltd. 2006. Print.

Harada, Shinichi. The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish. Bunkyo University, n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2011.

Rubdy, Rani. "Singlish in the School: An Impediment or a Resource." Journal of Multiligual and Multicultural Development 28.4 (2007): 310. Taylor Francis Online. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.

Yeo, Teresa Rebecca. "Singlish." Infopedia - National Library Board, Singapore. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2011.

20×20 Presentation

It was interesting to listen to classmates' presentations.
So it was a good chance to learn many ideas.

About my presentation...

The examples or the use of images were good. So I could say my powerpoint was good. But time management was difficult and I could not speak well for each slide. It is difficult to speak well in limited tme. Also, eye-contact was not good because I got confused a little. I thought I could not be a teacher at school. I do not like the situation like in presentation.. But I need to get used to it,anyway.
To make my presentation better in the future, I need to think of ideas that I want to talk about and organize the time management for each slide. Also, I should remember the content a little more and try eye-contact more often. Comments said "You need more eye-contact, speak up etc..." so I need to prepare well so that I do not need to confused.

Essay Draft

Why or How Should Singlish Be Preserved?

What is “Singlish”? It means “Singapore English” and has different grammar, vocabulary or pronunciation and is used in informal situations. There is also English called Singapore Standard English(SSE) and it is used in formal situations. Singapore is the multi-ethnic society mainly by Chinese, Malay and Indian and each build community. English is one of the official languages and the administrative language. “Although most Singaporeans usually use Singlish, the Singapore government sees the use of Singlish as a serious problem to deal with”(Shinichi 71). According to Yeo, Tersa Rebecca in “Singlish” on SINGAPORE PAGES/Singapore Infopedia, to encourage standard English for Singporeans, the government started "Speak Good English Movement" in 2001(Teresa). For the government, Singlish is an obstacle and want to make it disappear and want people to use standard English only but Singlish is widely spread. The government and peopel need to know why Singlish should be preserved. Also, to keep the balance between use of Singlish and that of standard English, the government should encourage schools to teach standard English for communication with people in the world. At the same time, the government should preserve Singlish as culture.    

Firstly, Singlish should be preserved because some people cherish it and feel that they need it. According to Harada Shinichi in his 2009 report “The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish”, the government has started to abolish Singlish but many Singaporean keep using it as their identity(Shinichi 69). Anasuya Balamurugan, whose post is Senior Research Associate 1 in National Industry Board, says “Speak Good English campaign firstly started in 2000 and the purpose of the government is to encourage standard English and discourage Singlish” (Anasuya). It means that the government is trying to make Singlish disappear though there are still people who likes Singlish and keep using it. Unless there are those people, the government should not eradicate it because Singlish is their precious language and the government does not have the right to derive it. According to Rani Rubdy , who is at the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, in “Journal of Multiligual and Multicultural Development”, there are negative comments to Singlish but some says Singlish is a cool, funny and relaxed language.“ ‘Without Singlish, life will be pretty boring’ ‘Senior citizens will be confused without Singlish’ ”(Rani 310)　These opinions show that there are people who  think Singlish as a unique culture or an useful language. Thus, Singlish is needed by people and needed to be cherished.

Secondly, Singlish should not be disappeared because language is an important culture and languages’ disappearance is dangerous. According to Nora C. England, who is a doctor of philosophy at University of Florida, in her 1992 book “Endangered Languages”, language plays an important role in people’s identity, culture and society. “Local communities who have lost their language speak about it as a deeply personal loss which is accompanied by a loss of a sense of self”(Nora 140). If language disappear, people can lose their identity because language is strongly related to culture or it is culture itself. For example, the word “lah” is a famous and original Singlish word and the nuance are different in some kinds of sentences. Thus, those words are important to change the atmosphere of sentences. Also, in the future, if children can speak only standard English though there are older people who can speak only Singlish, those people can not communicate with each other. Singapore is the multi-ethnic society and need a language to communicate so if it loses Singlish and makes a barrier between older generation and younger one, they can not live well together. Culture should be passes down to generation to generation so Singlish, which was made by older generation should be took over. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve Singlish as a factor of culture.

    Thirdly, the standard English also should be taught because it is needed when Singaporeans communicate with people from other countries. Tersa Rebecca Yeo argues that In Singpore, English was not common and there were few people who mastered it. After Singpore got independence in 1965, the government started to encourage English for economic because Singpore does not have natural resources(Teresa). English is a necessary and important tool for Singapore to survive. In the globalizing world and under the situation without natural resources, Singapore should state that English is a strong weapon. From those reasons, standard English, which is worldwide used needs to be encouraged for the future of Singapore. In addition, the very important industry in Singapore is sightseeing so the relation between Singapore and other countries is strong. People who belong to sightseeing industry need to speak standard English for tourists. To keep sightseeing industry well, Singapore should make tourists feel like returning to Singapore again by giving them good impression with standard English. Therefore, Singaporean should learn Singlish for the future.

Finally, the government should make some solutions to save Singlish and encourage standard English at the same time. The problem is mainly how the government preserve Singlish. This is because the government now tries to encourage only standard English so Singlish will be disappear someday at this rate. For example, one way to encourage Singlish is to start “Speak-Singlish campaign” opposed to “Speak Good English campaign”. It should be focused on the conversation in daily life and some TV programs in Singlish can be broadcasted. Teresa Rebecca Yeo says that the supporters of Singlish mainly argue that it removes racial differences so “Singlish is an essential part of local culture and heritage”(Teresa). It shows that Singlish is an important communication tool in multi-ethnic society and it is needed in their lives for social harmony.From that point, in the campaign, the interchange among different communities should be also encouraged by Singlish. Thus, the government need to keep action to encourage both standard English and Singish.

Therefore, the government should save Singlish and encourage standard English for Singaporeans by good action. The job of the government is not only to make people adapt to worldwide criteria but also to preserve its own culture. People’s feeling toward languages or culture should be cherished and it is important to think the importance or history of their culture again. In such a globalizing world, however, it might be impossible or it is difficult to keep all cultures because each country can not avoid to compete with other countries.

Works Cited

Balamurugan, Anasuya. "First Speak Good English Campaign." Infopedia - National Library   
            Board, Singapore. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2011.  
            <http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_575_2004-12-23.html>.

England Nora C. Endangered Languages. Texas, Elsevier Ltd. 2006. Print.

Harada, Shinichi. The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish. Bunkyo University,   
           n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2011. <http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006994449>.

Rubdy, Rani. "Singlish in the School: An Impediment or a Resource." Journal of Multiligual

           and Multicultural Development 28.4 (2007): 310. Taylor Francis Online. Web. 11  
           Oct. 2011.
Yen, Teresa Rebecca. "Singlish." Infopedia - National Library Board, Singapore. N.p., n.d.
           Web. 15 Oct. 2011. <http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1745_2010-12-29.html>.